The cholinergic neurons in the PPN and LDT regulate the two SNc and VTA neurons via activating acetylcholine receptors in these neurons [eight]. Combining optogenetic and brain slice patch-clamp methods, Xiao et al. [eight] shown that 5–ten?s of optogenetic stimulation of cholinergic projections through the PPN and LDT evokes inward currents and

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